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Organoids and simpler spheroids are 3D structures on chip compared to 2D structures on chip. They retain their ability to self organize, perform plasticity, better retain intrinsic characteristics of micro-environments, cell to cell interactions, tissue polarity and nutrient gradients.

As organoids grow larger they become starved of nutrients due to a lack of vasculature and go necrotic at sites of starvation and so building a perfusion network through the organoid. Also junk, waste metabolites produced by the cell have to be cleared away.

The key to growing larger organoids is vasculuture, organoids with vasculuture has been achieved. These procedures are complex.

• Microfluidics: a micro-engineering of a vasculature for organoids, microscopic silicon tubing.
• Culturing a vasculature along the organoid.
• 3D tissue printing the organoid with vasculature and other essential additions. Bioprinting see Anthony Atala.

The vascular is bio-printed and then the organoid is cultured using the structure, naturally moving to nutrient rich areas.

The choice between a biological vasculature, angiogenesis and a micro-engineered, nanotechnology scaffold, lithography, microelectromechanical, microfluidic system is user defined.