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Three major issues with O.I. are...
- Lifespan: while they are potentially immortal, currently only about 100 days
- Size: too small, the bigger the organoid the more intelligence
- Communication: the input output system and effective training and communication.
Electrophysiology in O.I. is the study of neuron electrical system for the result that communication methods can be formed. The two known communication systems in the human body, chemical and electrical. While humans have five senses, the basic sense of a neuron is the electrical gradient (its associated field) and a handful of chemicals such as dopamine. The language changes the mode of the cell, initiates functions from its DNA manifold.
Each time we communicate with a neuron we are forming a sense for the neuron. The human bodies 5 senses are multi-modal, general. Contrast, humans challenged effort manufactures a specialized sense such as flying a plane, solving puzzles or playing a video game.
This work on electrophysiology is essential, some of the most basic animals sense their surroundings by electrical discharge on contact, maintaining a basic voltage and then any discharge means another object has touched and is near. Another is seeing in magnetism. Neurons maintain an electrical difference that when fluctuated cause the neuron to act.
Commmunication with a neuron is a change in the electrical gradient, polarization of the cell and the language of the neuron is deviation in its electrical gradients. Action potentials, resting membrane potential, depolarization, repolarization, refractory period...
The operator stimulating the neuron gradient, action potentials to cause the release of neurotransmitters relative to the aim.
action potential → neurotransmitter → a serotonergic neuron will release serotonin, while a dopaminergic neuron will release dopamine. The action potential simply provides the "go" signal.
- Reward: Dopamine
- Punishment: Serotonin, perhaps Norepinephrine.
There are over 100-150 known neurotransmitters, narrowing it down to two is a punk out. Some others... acetylcholine (ACh), norepinephrine (NE), GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), glutamate, endorphins, histamine, melatonin, adrenaline (epinephrine)...
Neurons relative to task, visual cortex neurons, auditory cortex neurons, neo-cortex neurons, Von Economo neuron (VEN)...
The method of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) selection of differentiation into a specific neuron type.
To distinguish sight and sound, pattern of activity. The auditory cortex is organized into different areas, each responding to specific frequencies. The high-pitch sound (2,000 Hz) activates neurons in the high-frequency area, while the low-pitch sound (200 Hz) activates neurons in the low-frequency area. The auditory cortex contains a tonotopic map, which is a spatial organization of neurons that respond to different frequencies. This map allows the brain to spatially encode the frequency information. The brain encodes other information, partitioning, regionalization, modularization, specialization are important for percept.
Organoids can always be more effective in modular, with either regional, partitioned function of a single organoid or multiple specialized organoids interconnected via an artificial synapse.
Designing a specialized sense means translating essential rules into electrical stimulations sent to neuron to cause the release of specific neurotransmitters. These rule can be detailed or they can be superficial, contrast of every positive and negative action in flying a plane or simply "you died" or "great, you got a high score". This design relies on re-enforcement learning, operant conditioning. If the neuron performs well, it gets a reward such as dopamine or a punishment such as serotonin.
Manipulating solely the gradient to illicit nueorotranmission or supplying the chemical directy, any number of differences is entirly and completely up for experimentation.
At some stage multi-modal senses are required because most applications could fall into a general permanent sense.
O.I. and Building Multi-Modal Sensory Systems
It is real world signal translation, encoding into electrical organoid friendly signal, radio. Build four permanent senses, two input and two output.
These senses are electrode arrays that are converted to an electrical form and sent to the organoid. These peripherals are not biological, they are electronic. The 4 senses...
Input